How Much Is 4 Oz of Beef
From offscreen friendships and jarring pay inequality to the special effects and makeup tricks that brought some of the world'southward favorite film characters to life, The Wizard of Oz (1939) had so much going on behind the emerald curtain and the Technicolor gloss of an amazing fantasy world.
In honor of the 80th anniversary of the motion-picture show, follow the yellow brick slideshow to peek behind that drape and learn more almost the secrets and fun facts that brand the beloved film a timeless archetype.
Margaret Hamilton Was a Fan Earlier the Film
As a self-proclaimed lifelong fan of L. Frank Baum's Oz series, Margaret Hamilton was thrilled to be considered for a role in the 1939 film adaptation. Hamilton chosen her amanuensis to enquire which grapheme the producers wanted her to play, and her agent famously said, "The witch — who else?"
Hamilton, a unmarried female parent, fought MGM for an agreed upon amount of guaranteed work time. Iii days before filming began, the studio agreed to a five-week bargain. In the end, Hamilton was on set up for three months, but many of her scenes were cutting for being too scary for audiences.
Dorothy's Original Wait Was More Movie Star Than Farm Daughter
Sure, Dorothy Gale doesn't need prosthetics or aluminum makeup, but that doesn't mean Judy Garland wasn't put through the costume department wringer. Although she was immature at the fourth dimension, the xvi-yr-old Garland had to vesture a corset-similar device so she looked more than like a preadolescent child.
Director Richard Thorpe suggested Garland wearable a blonde wig and loads of "baby-doll" makeup (every bit whatsoever preadolescent daughter would…). Luckily, that vision of the grapheme changed. After MGM fired Thorpe, the intermediate director George Cukor nixed the heavy makeup and wig. Instead, he told Garland to exist herself. Smart motion.
The "Skywriting" Scene Employed Some Cracking Movie Magic
The Wizard of Oz employs a lot of dandy picture tricks, and some of the almost unique were used in the skywriting scene. In information technology, the Wicked Witch (Margaret Hamilton) flies above the Emerald City, leaving the phrase "Surrender Dorothy" in her wake in black smoke.
Using a hypodermic needle, the special furnishings squad spread blackness ink beyond the bottom of a glass tank that was filled with a thick, tinted liquid (some speculate milk). They wrote the phrase in opposite and filmed the scene from below. Initially, the skywriting concluded with the ominous "Or Die — W West W."
The "Snow" in the Poppy Field Was Actually Dangerous
1 of the Wicked Witch'due south concluding-ditch efforts to impede Dorothy'due south quest to see the Wonderful Wizard of Oz involves a poppy field and some magical sleep-inducing snow. While many similar to joke that the poppies and their drowsiness are the event of opium (a component of poppies), the scene has a much more blatant toxic connection than that.
All that magical snowfall? It'due south actually 100% industrial-class chrysotile asbestos. Even though the health risks associated with the material were known at the time, information technology was still Hollywood's preferred choice for fake snow. Our advice to Dorothy? Don't catch any snowflakes on your natural language.
Scarecrow's Makeup Stuck Around for Awhile
In the end, Ray Bolger (Scarecrow) was probably grateful in more ways than i for Buddy Ebsen (the original Tin Homo'southward) willingness to trade parts with him. The Tin can Human being's aluminum makeup acquired a huge amount of problems for Ebsen, who was replaced past Jack Haley.
Although Bolger'southward makeup experience was meliorate than Ebsen'south, he all the same had some issues. The Scarecrow's makeup consisted of a safe prosthetic, complete with a woven blueprint that mimicked the look of burlap. Afterward the film wrapped, the prosthetic left patterns on Bolger'due south face that took more than a yr to fade.
Margaret Hamilton Was Burned On Fix
In a burst of flames and crimson fume, the Wicked Witch (Margaret Hamilton) vanishes from Munchkinland. Although the scene is terrifying for viewers, it may have instilled more fear for Hamilton. On the commencement have, the fume rose from a hidden trapdoor too early.
For the second take, Hamilton stood on the trapdoor as planned, only her cape snagged on the platform when the fire flared upwards. Her copper-containing makeup heated up instantly, causing second- and third-caste burns on her hands and face up. To make matters worse, the crew tried to remedy her burns with (an fifty-fifty more painful) acetone solvent.
The Flying Monkeys Became Falling Monkeys
The Wicked Witch's legion of flying monkeys — or Winged Monkeys as they're chosen in the source material — have certainly been a source of terror for generations. About every bit scary as the Witch herself, these henchmen soar onto the scene to kidnap Dorothy and Toto — thanks to the magic of piano wires.
However, the aerial stunt went awry when several of the piano wires snapped, sending actors plummeting a few feet to the soundstage floor. To create such a vast troupe of monkeys (and cut downwardly on human marionettes), filmmakers fabricated miniature safety monkeys to help populate the sky.
"Over the Rainbow" Was Almost on the Cut Room Floor
To no one's surprise, the American Film Institute ranked "Over the Rainbow" #1 on a list of 100 Greatest Songs in American Films. But what may surprise you? The (arguably) about iconic song of Judy Garland's career was near cut from the flick.
Studio execs at MGM thought the song made the Kansas scenes as well long. Moreover, filmmakers were concerned that children wouldn't understand the vocal'southward significant. Luckily, this unfounded business organization melted similar lemon drops. Unfortunately, Garland's bawling reprise of the song was left on the cutting room floor.
The Tin can Human Costume Didn't Allow Jack Haley to Rest Like shooting fish in a barrel
Although Bert Lahr had to schlep effectually in a 90-pound lion costume, Jack Haley didn't have it easy either. From the lingering concerns virtually the aluminum paste-based makeup on his face and hands to the minimal flexibility of the "tin" trunk and arms, Haley faced some challenges.
Reportedly, his costume was so stiff that he had to lean against a lath to residuum properly. Many years later, actor Anthony Daniels, known for playing the protocol droid C-3PO in the Star Wars films, had the same outcome with his rigid costume. It seems even fantasy and sci-fi can't help folks escape all their problems.
The Original Tin can Man Was Rushed to the Infirmary
Initially, Buddy Ebsen was cast equally the Scarecrow, but traded parts with Ray Bolger. However, Ebsen's new character, the Tin Human, caused him a globe of issues. Namely, the character's silverish makeup contained a harmful aluminum dust that coated Ebsen'south lungs.
To make matters worse, Ebsen had an allergic reaction, and, unable to exhale, he was rushed to the hospital. MGM recast the part with Jack Haley (and inverse up the makeup), but didn't explain why Ebsen "dropped out." Although Ebsen didn't appear in the terminal film, his vocals can exist heard in "We're Off to See the Wizard."
A Stocking & Some Miniatures Gave Us the Tornado
The tornado that strikes the Gale homestead is full of applied special effects that really hold up. The funnel itself was actually a 35-foot long stocking made of muslin. The special effects squad spun information technology effectually miniatures that resembled the farms and fields of Kansas. Against the painted backdrop, the tornado looks menacing.
The Gale business firm, which falls from the sky and into Oz, is only a miniature house that was dropped onto a sky painting. Filmmakers then reversed the footage to make it look like the house was falling out of the clouds.
Hollywood Didn't Pay Upwardly Then Either
Pay inequality has e'er been an issue in Hollywood. For example, Adriana Caselotti, voice of the titular character in Walt Disney's Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs (1937), made $970 for her performance. The picture went on to make roughly $8 million.
According to the Los Angeles Times, Judy Garland'south pay was amend than Caselotti's — playing Dorothy earned her $500 a calendar week — but information technology however didn't reflect the flick'south success. Even more discouraging, the folks who portrayed the citizens of Munchkinland were paid a mere $50 per week. (Meanwhile, Terry the domestic dog earned $125 per week equally Toto. A real yikes.)
Bert Lahr's Lion Costume Was Taxing
Originally, MGM thought it might cast its mascot — the actual lion used in the studio'due south championship card — as the cowardly character. Fortunately, for the prophylactic of the actors and the animate being, the filmmakers decided to cast actor Bert Lahr equally the anthropomorphic grapheme instead.
To make a convincing brute, the costume department fashioned Lahr a 90-pound outfit fabricated from existent king of beasts skin. Even so, the arc lights used on fix fabricated things a steamy 100 degrees during filming, which meant Lahr did a lot of sweating unrelated to his character's nerves. Each dark, two stagehands dried the costume for the side by side day.
The Initial Box Function Returns Were Uneven
The film started shooting in October of 1938 but didn't wrap until March of 1939, racking up an unheard of $two,777,000 in costs. That'southward nearly $50 million adjusted for inflation. Upon its initial release, the motion picture only earned $3 million at the box office — about $51.8 meg by today's standards.
Although that seems impressive for a Depression-era picture show, remember that Disney made $8 million with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The Wizard of Oz's modest success in the U.S. barely covered production and film rights' costs — MGM paid $75,000 to the publisher for those — but success overseas fortunately bolstered the film's returns.
The Dark Side of Oz in a Time Earlier "Me Too"
Judy Garland was just 16 years old when she was cast as Dorothy. Insecure and lonesome, she became fond to amphetamines and barbiturates, which were often given to young actors to aid them sleep after studios shot them upwards with adrenaline so they could work long hours.
The spotlight — and her dissentious contract with MGM — didn't assist, leading to her lifelong struggles with an eating disorder and alcoholism. According to a writer for Express, "[Garland] was molested by older men, including studio chiefs [and caput Louis B. Mayer], who considered her little more than their 'property.'" Moreover, MGM forced Garland to stick to a wildly unhealthy diet of cigarettes, coffee and chicken soup.
The Vocalism of Snow White Had a Cameo
A few years before The Wizard of Oz debuted, Walt Disney's characteristic-length blithe motion picture Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) became a smash-striking. Non only did the pic revolutionize the blitheness industry, it likewise reinvigorated the fantasy genre.
Disney wanted to follow up Snow White — and then the most successful moving-picture show of all time — with an adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, just MGM owned the rights. By happenstance, Adriana Caselotti, who voiced Snow White, had an uncredited function in Oz. During the Tin Man'south "If I Simply Had a Center," Caselotti speaks her sole line, "Wherefore art thou Romeo?"
The Reddish Slippers Are Props & Treasured Artifacts
Keeping in line with the book, Dorothy'southward iconic footwear was originally silver, simply screenwriter Noel Langley felt the ruby-red color would really pop in glorious Technicolor. Designed by MGM'southward master costume designer Gilbert Adrian, the shoes are each covered in most ii,300 sequins.
One of the remaining pairs is on view in the Smithsonian Institution'southward National Museum of American History. Since the display is so heavily trafficked, the museum has replaced the carpet at that place several times. Another pair were stolen from Minnesota'south Judy Garland Museum in 2005, but the FBI recovered the slippers for the institution in 2018.
Merely One Sequence Was Filmed "On Location"
The Wizard of Oz is your classic risk story, and Dorothy'southward quest leads her from a Kansas farm to another world — consummate with corn fields, poppy-filled meadows and forests. Nevertheless, despite all these scenic locations, near all the scenes were shot on a soundstage.
Equally was customary at the time, immense, detailed backdrops were painted by studio artists, making it possible for filmmakers to transport audiences to far abroad places without filming on location. In fact, the merely location footage in the motion-picture show is the opening championship sequence — those clouds are 100% the real bargain.
A Second Toto Was Brought In
Toto, played primarily past Terry, is one of the most beloved dogs in film history. Terry was famously not a huge fan of special effects and tin can often be seen running out of a shot when something loud or alarming happens — similar when the Tin Man spouts out all of that steam.
Later i of the Witch's guards accidentally stepped on her, Terry was on bedrest for 2 weeks. Filmmakers went through two doubles to find one that resembled the original canine role player more closely.
Fun fact: Judy Garland was so fond of Terry that she wanted to prefer the dog.
Margaret Hamilton "Mourns the Wicked" Witch
In addition to being a huge fan of the Oz books, Margaret Hamilton as well believed her character was more than simply your run-of-the-mill evil villain. More than 35 years later on the film debuted, Hamilton, donning her Witch's costume to show kids information technology was make-believe, appeared on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, where Fred Rogers interviewed her virtually the character.
According to Hamilton, the and so-called Wicked Witch relished everything she did, but she was as well a sad, lonely effigy. In brusk, things never went well for the frustrated Witch. Oddly enough, the Broadway musical Wicked likewise takes this approach to the Witch's graphic symbol.
The "Equus caballus of a Different Colour" Was Made Possible Thanks to a Nutrient Product
In 1939, audiences were just as amazed equally Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion when the equus caballus in Emerald Urban center took on a rainbow of colors. This "equus caballus of a different color" was made possible thanks to a surprising nutrient item…
Jell-O crystals were used to colour the horses, which meant filmmakers had to motion quickly — the animals were eager to lick up the sweetness treat. Simply the colorful steed isn't the simply interesting component in this fan-favorite scene. The horse-drawn carriage was in one case owned past President Abraham Lincoln and now resides at the Judy Garland Museum.
The Makeup Department Hired on Extra Easily
From the citizens of Munchkinland and Emerald City to the Witch's flying monkeys, and then many actors had to undergo a makeup transformation in order to give life to this fantasy film. To keep upward with the daily demands, MGM called upon workers from the studio mailroom and courier service to manage makeup stations.
Since nigh of the Ozian ensemble required prosthetics, makeup artists — and "makeshift" artists — formed a kind of costuming assembly line. Nigh actors had to arrive before 5:00 in the morning — half-dozen days a week! — to begin the intensive procedure.
Memorable (& Frequently Misquoted) Lines Fill the Film
The film is chock-full of iconic, memorable songs, and it has the groovy fortune of being responsible for some of the most quoted lines in movie history as well. In 2007, Premiere compiled a listing of "The 100 Greatest Moving-picture show Lines" and placed a whopping three of the film's lines on the list.
"Pay no attention to that man backside the curtain" was voted #24, while "There's no identify similar home" nabbed the 11th spot. Finally, the often misquoted "Toto, I have a feeling nosotros're non in Kansas anymore" landed in the 62nd spot.
The Witch's Fire Employed Some Technical Wizardry (& Juice)
Clearly, the technical wizardry — or witchcraft — in the moving-picture show is incredible. Similar the "horse of a different colour" sequence, another iconic, special effects-heavy scene harnessed the power of everyday household items to pull off fun tricks.
Presently after Dorothy arrives in Munchkinland, the Wicked Witch tries to snatch the ruby slippers from the young girl's feet. However, fire strikes the Witch's hands, repelling her. This "fire" is actually apple juice spouting from the slippers in a sped-up clip to make information technology look more flame-like.
Technicolor Required Some Ingenuity in the Props Department
Experimenting with Technicolor was function fun and part problem-solving for filmmakers. In order to properly capture scenes with the Technicolor photographic camera, the soundstage needed to be lit with arc lights, which frequently heated the set to a toasty 100 degrees.
Subsequently the lights were prepare, the experts experimented with what would look best on pic, especially in colorized class. For instance, the white office of Dorothy's dress is actually pink — simply because information technology filmed better. And the oil the Tin Man is so excited about? It'southward really chocolate syrup.
The Wicked Witch of the East Makes More than Than I Appearance
Role of the Wicked Witch of the West'southward beef with Dorothy is that the young girl dropped a house on her sister, the Wicked Witch of the Due east, who was the short-lived possessor of the ruby slippers. Although Margaret Hamilton already plays both the Wicked Witch of the Due west and her Kansas counterpart Almira Gulch, she also plays the Wicked Witch of the East — if just briefly.
During the tornado sequence, an befuddled Dorothy looks out her bedroom window and watches Gulch transform into a witch, her shoes shimmering. For fans, this glint indicates the witch outside the window is wearing the scarlet slippers. The restored version of the picture makes that shimmer fifty-fifty more than noticeable.
The Picture's Running Time Was Cutting Downward Several Times
The first cut of the moving-picture show clocked in at a running time of 120 minutes. Although that seems like nothing by today's Marvel pic standards, producer Mervyn LeRoy felt it was long and unwieldy and wanted to chop off 20 minutes.
Subsequently cutting the famed "Jitterbug" number (top right) and an extended Scarecrow dance sequence, the motion picture was 112 minutes long. LeRoy held a second preview screening, and, afterwards, nixed Dorothy'southward "Over the Rainbow" reprise, an Emerald City reprise of "Ding! Dong! The Witch Is Dead," a scene where the Tin Man becomes a human beehive (Yikes!) and a few Kansas sequences.
And then Much for a "Wicked" Witch
Filmmakers deemed Margaret Hamilton'south Wicked Witch of the Westward functioning also frightening for audiences and cut or trimmed many of her scenes. But not everyone thought her functioning was terrifying — namely Judy Garland, who played the Wicked Witch's nemesis, Dorothy Gale.
Off-screen, the picture's starring foes were actually friends. One story that emerged from the set described Garland excitedly showing off a dress to Hamilton, declaring she was going to clothing it for her graduation. Unfortunately, MGM'due south Louis B. Mayer sent Garland on a printing tour the twenty-four hours of her graduation. Upset, Hamilton phoned Mayer and chewed him out.
Giving Credit to Technicolor
In the opening credits, the text reads "Photographed in Technicolor," as opposed to the more apt "Color Sequences by Technicolor." The phrasing of the credits makes information technology seem as though the unabridged film was shot in colour. Was this washed deliberately, or was it a small syntactical simulated pas?
It's widely believed this was a chip of a stunt done to enhance the surprise of the picture turning into total three-strip Technicolor when Dorothy arrives in Oz. Posters made at the time of the film's debut made no mention of sepia tint (or "black-and-white"), adding credence to this theory.
Ane of History's Most-Watched Films
Although The Wizard of Oz proved pop in theaters, another picture show released the aforementioned year, besides directed by Victor Fleming, really topped the box office. (Y'all may accept heard of that piddling movie — it's called Gone with the Air current.) Nonetheless, MGM's musical fantasy may have more staying power than other films of the era, thanks in part to re-releases.
The moving picture was starting time broadcast on goggle box on Nov 3, 1956, and garnered an impressive 44 one thousand thousand viewers. Information technology's believed that The Magician of Oz is one of the 10 most-watched characteristic-length movies in film history, largely due to the number of annual tv set screenings, theater viewings and diverse format re-releases.
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